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Radio Luxembourg was a multilingual commercial broadcaster in

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

. It is known in most non-English languages as RTL (for Radio Television Luxembourg). The English-language service of Radio Luxembourg began in 1933 as one of the earliest commercial radio stations broadcasting to the UK and Ireland. The station provided a way to circumvent British legislation which until 1973 gave the

BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...

...

a monopoly of radio broadcasting on UK territory and prohibited all forms of advertising over the domestic

radio spectrum The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 0 Hz to 3,000 GHz (3 THz). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particula ...

. It boasted the most powerful privately owned transmitter in Europe (200 kW, broadcasting on

medium wave Medium wave (MW) is the part of the medium frequency (MF) radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. The spectrum provides about 120 channels with more limited sound quality than FM stations on the FM broadcast band. During the daytime ...

). In the late 1930s, and again in the 1950s and 1960s, it had large audiences in Britain and Ireland with its programmes of popular entertainment, and was an important forerunner of

pirate radio Pirate radio or a pirate radio station is a radio station that broadcasts without a valid license. In some cases, radio stations are considered legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially w ...

and modern commercial radio in the United Kingdom. Radio Luxembourg's parent company,

RTL Group RTL Group (for "Radio Television Luxembourg") is a Luxembourg-based international media conglomerate, with another corporate centre in Cologne, Germany. The company operates 68 television channels and 31 radio stations in Germany, France and ...

, continued its involvement in broadcasts to a UK audience with the British TV channel then known as

Five 5 is a number, numeral, and glyph. 5, five or number 5 may also refer to: * AD 5, the fifth year of the AD era * 5 BC, the fifth year before the AD era Literature * ''5'' (visual novel), a 2008 visual novel by Ram * ''5'' (comics), an awa ...

until it was sold in July 2010.

Background and origins

In 1922, the British government awarded a monopoly broadcasting licence to the

British Broadcasting Company The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. (BBC) was a short-lived British commercial broadcasting company formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Kingdom. Licensed by the British Genera ...

, whose shares were owned by British and American electrical companies. Although in theory the BBC could have sold sponsored airtime, instead its income came from selling its own brand of licensed radio receivers manufactured by its owners. This arrangement lasted until 1927, when the broadcasting licence of the original BBC was allowed to expire. The assets of the former commercial company were then sold to a new non-commercial

British Broadcasting Corporation #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...

, which operated under a UK charter from

the Crown The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies, overseas territories, provinces, or states). Legally ill-defined, the term has different ...

. With no possibility of commercial broadcasting available from inside the UK, Leonard F. Plugge – a former British

Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...

captain and entrepreneur (and from 1935

Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...

member of parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...

) – set up his own

International Broadcasting Company Captain Leonard Frank Plugge (21 September 1889 – 19 February 1981) was a British radio entrepreneur and Conservative Party politician. Early years and political life Plugge was born at Walworth, only son of Frank Plugge (1864–1946), a co ...

, which leased time on transmitters in continental Europe and resold it as sponsored English-language programming aimed at audiences in Britain and Ireland. Because Plugge successfully demonstrated that state monopolies such as that of the BBC could be broken, other parties became attracted to the idea of creating a new commercial radio station specifically for this purpose.

Formation of Radio Luxembourg

In 1924, radio technician François Anen built a 100-watt transmitter in his home in the

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small land ...

. Within two years, the government of Luxembourg had reached an agreement to subsidize the station to broadcast

military music A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...

concerts and plays performed in the

Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish ( ; also ''Luxemburgish'', ''Luxembourgian'', ''Letzebu(e)rgesch''; Luxembourgish: ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg. About 400,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. As a standard form of th ...

. With its central location in western Europe, the Grand Duchy was an ideal site for broadcasts to many nations, including the United Kingdom. Anen became inspired by the activities of Captain Plugge, who was using transmitters licensed in other countries to broadcast English-language radio programmes to Britain and Ireland, whose governments had not licensed commercial broadcasting. On 11 May 1929, he brought together a group of mainly French entrepreneurs to form the Luxembourg Society for Radio Studies (''La Société Luxembourgeoise d'Études Radiophoniques'') as a

pressure group Advocacy groups, also known as interest groups, special interest groups, lobbying groups or pressure groups use various forms of advocacy in order to influence public opinion and ultimately policy. They play an important role in the develop ...

to force the Luxembourg government to issue them a commercial broadcasting licence. On 19 December 1929, the government of Luxembourg passed a law awarding a monopoly licence to operate a commercial radio broadcasting franchise from the Grand Duchy. On 29 December, this licence was awarded to the Society, which in turn created the Luxembourg Broadcasting Company (

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Radiodiffusion RTL Group (for "Radio Television Luxembourg") is a Luxembourg-based international media conglomerate, with another corporate centre in Cologne, Germany. The company operates 68 television channels and 31 radio stations in Germany, France and ...

) to be identified on the air as Radio Luxembourg. In May 1932, Radio Luxembourg began high-powered test transmissions aimed directly at Britain and Ireland (which proved, inadvertently, to be the first radio modification of the

ionosphere The ionosphere () is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an ...

). The reaction of the British government was hostile, as the long-wave band used for these tests carried a signal far superior to anything previously received from outside the country. The British government accused Radio Luxembourg of "pirating" the various wavelengths it was testing. The station had planned to start regular broadcasts on 4 June 1933, but the complaints caused Radio Luxembourg to keep shifting its wavelength. On 1 January 1934, a new international agreement, the Lucerne Convention or European

Wavelength Plan A frequency plan, bandplan, band plan or wavelength plan is a plan for using a particular band of radio frequencies, that are a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Each frequency plan defines the frequency range to be included, how channels a ...

(which the Luxembourg government refused to sign) came into effect, and shortly afterwards Radio Luxembourg started a regular schedule of English-language transmissions from 8:15 am to midnight on Sundays, and at various times during the rest of the week. Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting in both French and English on a new 200 kW transmitter on 230 kHz (1304 metres) in the long-wave band. The English service was leased to

Radio Publicity (London) Ltd Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitt ...

in the United Kingdom. In December 1933, Radio Publicity (London) transferred 23-year-old Stephen Williams from directing its English-language programmes transmitted over

Radio Paris Radio Paris was a French radio broadcasting company best known for its Axis propaganda broadcasts in Vichy France during World War II. Radio Paris evolved from the first private radio station in France, called Radiola, founded by pioneering Frenc ...

to become the first manager of the English-language service of Radio Luxembourg. From 1932, German journalist

Eva Siewert Eva Siewert (11 February 1907 – 3 December 1994) was a German journalist, writer, radio announcer and opera singer, who lived and worked mainly in Berlin. Childhood Eva Siewert was born in Breslau (today Wrocław, Poland), the daughter of tw ...

worked as editor-in-chief and trilingual head spokeswoman for the station in German, English and French.

First commercial era

1933–1939

In the years from 1933 to 1939, the English language service of Radio Luxembourg gained a large audience in the UK and other European countries, with sponsored programming aired from noon until midnight on Sundays and at various times during the rest of the week. Around 11% of Britons listened to it during the week, preferring Luxembourg's light music and variety programmes to the BBC. Up to half of Britons did so before 10:15 am on weekdays when the BBC did not broadcast, and at weekends when it followed the Reith Sunday schedule of only serious and religious programmes. The BBC and successive British governments continued to oppose the competition, citing Radio Luxembourg's use of an unauthorized frequency. As the station could not use

General Post Office The General Post Office (GPO) was the state postal system and telecommunications carrier of the United Kingdom until 1969. Before the Acts of Union 1707, it was the postal system of the Kingdom of England, established by Charles II in 1660. ...

telephone lines to broadcast from London, many English-language programmes were recorded there and flown to Luxembourg. Despite the opposition, by 1938 many British companies advertised on Radio Luxembourg and fellow European broadcaster

Radio Normandy Captain Leonard Frank Plugge (21 September 1889 – 19 February 1981) was a British radio entrepreneur and Conservative Party politician. Early years and political life Plugge was born at Walworth, only son of Frank Plugge (1864–1946), a co ...

. The stations thus exposed millions of Britons and British companies to commercial broadcasting, which contributed to the creation of the commercial

ITV ITV or iTV may refer to: ITV *Independent Television (ITV), a British television network, consisting of: ** ITV (TV network), a free-to-air national commercial television network covering the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islan ...

during the 1950s.

Programmes

These were some of the shows heard in 1935 as listed in the 3 May edition of '' Radio Pictorial'': *Sundays: 12:00 Noon – Musical Voyage – ''with

Bobbie Comber Edmund Comber (8 January 1886 – 1 March 1942),5 March 1942, "Chit Chat", ''The Stage'', p.4, accessed viThe Stage Archive2 February 2014 known professionally as Bobbie Comber, was a British comedian, singer and actor. He was born in Bury St E ...

and

Reginald Purdell Reginald Purdell (4 November 1896 – 22 April 1953) was an English actor and screenwriter who appeared in over 40 films between 1930 and 1951. During the same period he also contributed to the screenplays of 15 feature films, such as '' Th ...

and sponsored by

Halls Wine Halls is a plural of the word hall. Halls may also refer to: People * Walter Halls (1871–1953), British trade unionist and politician * Ethel May Halls (1882–1967), American actress * Julian Halls (born 1967), British field hockey player ...

.'' **12:15 pm – Do-Do Broadcasts – ''sponsored medication programme "for asthma suffers".'' **12:30 pm – Golden Hour of Music – ''the Irish Concert recorded programme'' **1:00 pm – Zam-Buk Broadcast – ''the latest dance music sponsored by a medication "for cuts, burns and bruises."'' **1:30 pm – Littlewoods Broadcast – ''sponsored by a football pools coupon company in

Liverpool Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...

.'' **2:00 pm – English service ends until 2:30 pm. **2:30 pm – Vernon's All-Star Variety Concert – ''gramophone records presented by a football pools company.'' **5:30 pm – League of Ovaltineys – ''presented by the makers of

Ovaltine Ovaltine (also known by its original name Ovomaltine) is a brand of milk flavoring product made with malt extract (except in the blue packaging in the United States), sugar (except in Switzerland), and whey. Some flavors also have cocoa. Ovaltin ...

.'' (The anthem of this children's show was still being celebrated by fan sites in 2007. Another version of the Ovaltineys programming began again after World War II on Radio Luxembourg over its ''208'' wavelength.)

Presenters

* Stephen Williams – the first station manager, who resumed his duties with the English service when the station resumed commercial English-language transmissions after World War II *

Gerald Carnes Gerald is a male Germanic given name meaning "rule of the spear" from the prefix ''ger-'' ("spear") and suffix ''-wald'' ("rule"). Variants include the English given name Jerrold, the feminine nickname Jeri and the Welsh language Gerallt and Iris ...

* Charles Maxwell (1936) *

John Bewley John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second ...

''Radio Pictorial'', July 1938. * S.P. Ogden-Smith (Chief Announcer in 1938)

World War II

1940–1945

On 21 September 1939, the

government closed the radio station to protect the neutrality of the country during World War II. The station and its transmitters were taken over by the invading German forces in 1940, and were used for English-language propaganda broadcasts by

William Joyce William Brooke Joyce (24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw, was an American-born fascist and Nazi propaganda broadcaster during the Second World War. After moving from New York to Ireland and subsequently to England, J ...

(known as

Lord Haw-Haw Lord Haw-Haw was a nickname applied to William Joyce, who broadcast Nazi propaganda to the UK from Germany during the Second World War. The broadcasts opened with "Germany calling, Germany calling", spoken in an affected upper-class English acc ...

) and others. When Allied forces took over Luxembourg in September 1944, the station was transferred to

US Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

control and used for

black propaganda Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with gray propaganda, which does not identify its source, as well as white propaganda ...

purposes for the remainder of the war (see

Radio 1212 Radio 1212 or Sender 11212 or Nachtsender 1212 was a black propaganda radio station operated from 1944 to 1945 by the Psychological Warfare Branch of the US Office of War Information (OWI) under the direction of CBS radio chief William S. Paley, ...

Second commercial era

1946–1956

When the Allied armed forces vacated the Radio Luxembourg premises at the close of World War II, the English-language service attempted to restart transmissions to the United Kingdom as a full-time commercial radio station using the European long-wave band, once more under the management of Stephen Williams. During the war,

Geoffrey Everitt Geoffrey, Geoffroy, Geoff, etc., may refer to: People * Geoffrey (name), including a list of people with the name * Geoffroy (surname), including a list of people with the name * Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1095–c. 1155), clergyman and one of the ...

served his last few months in Luxembourg, and this led to his employment by Stephen Williams on 21 June 1946. Williams soon left the station and Everitt found himself in charge of a small on-air staff of three women and one man. Because of the dearth of advertising available in English, the early morning shows on long wave quickly disappeared and made way for French-language programmes. More contractions followed and this led to cuts in more of the morning, afternoon and evening programming in English. By the start of the 1950s, sponsorship of the English service had begun to grow once more, and while initially some of the English-language programmes continued via ''Radio Luxembourg I'' on long wave, a second but less powerful wavelength was opened up as ''Radio Luxembourg II'' on medium wave. The English programmes of Radio Luxembourg moved on 2 July 1951, from long wave to the medium wave frequency of 208 metres (1439 kHz). The controversy over the station's broadcasting frequencies had been resolved with the 1948 Copenhagen plan (which this time the Luxembourg government did sign), which allocated the country two high-power frequencies, one on long wave and the other on medium wave. Eventually all English programming moved to medium wave, with long wave being dedicated to French programmes, while German, Dutch and other languages used medium wave during the daytime. In 1955, Hal Lewis who was better known at Hawaiian radio station KPOA as ''J. Akuhead Pupule'' (and later became the morning DJ at KSSK (AM), KGMB in Honolulu, Hawaii during 1965), offered to buy the morning time from 6 am to 9 am for his own show on ''208'', but his offer was rejected. The ''208'' signal could be received satisfactorily in the United Kingdom only after dark, when it was able to strike the

and bounce back to the British Isles. It was this second wavelength that eventually became dedicated to English-language programming after 6 pm under the slogan of "''208 – Your station of the stars''", referring to the entertainers heard on the station.

Programmes

These were some of the shows heard in March 1952 as reported in the ''208'' programme schedule: *Sundays: 6:15 pm – ''Ovaltiney's Concert Party'' – a version of the popular show that was originally broadcast before World War II over the original Radio Luxembourg long-wave station. **9:15 pm – Leslie Welch – "the famous Memory Man". **10:45 pm – ''The Answer Man'' – "anything you want to know" (Sundays, Wednesdays, Fridays). **11.00 PM – Top Twenty – introduced by Pete Murray (DJ), Pete Murray. *Mondays: 7:15 pm – Dan Dare, ''The Adventures of Dan Dare'', "Pilot of the future" – fifteen minutes serial heard Monday to Friday and featuring the voice of Noel Johnson who also played the part of Dick Barton on BBC radio. This serial began on 2 July 1951 and ran for five years. **9:30 pm – ''Perry Mason (radio series), Perry Mason'', serial heard from Monday to Friday. *Tuesdays: 10:55 pm – ''Soccer of Leicester'' – odds announcement. *Wednesdays: 8:30 pm – Dr. Kildare, ''The Story of Dr. Kildare'' – every Wednesday starring Lew Ayres, produced in Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood by MGM. **11:00 pm – ''Back to the Bible'' – religious broadcast. *Thursdays: 8:00 pm – ''Music From the Ballet''. **8:30 pm – ''Movie Magazine'' with Wilfrid Thomas''. **11:00 pm – ''Old Fashioned Revival Hour'' – religion (Charles E. Fuller (Baptist minister), Charles E. Fuller) *Fridays: 8:00 pm – ''Scottish Requests'' with Peter Madren. **11:00 pm ''The Voice of Prophecy'' – Adventists' Union religious programme. *Saturdays: 7:00 pm – ''Chance of a Lifetime'' – quiz programme with Dick Emery. **10:00 pm – ''At Two-O-Eight'' – dance music with Russ Morgan Orchestra compered by Pete Murray (DJ), Pete Murray. **11:00 pm – ''Bringing Christ to the Nations – The Lutheran Hour''. Radio Luxembourg also served as a refuge for stars and shows previously heard on the BBC but with whom the BBC had fallen out for one reason or another. Thus, when in 1951 the BBC wanted Vera Lynn, one of its biggest singing stars, to perform more upbeat material than her traditional repertoire, she refused, and signed up to record 42 shows for Luxembourg instead – which, she said, also paid better. Likewise, the comedy series ''Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh'', terminated by the BBC after six years, transferred to Radio Luxembourg for a period in 1950–51 before the BBC relented and revived the show. On 7 April 1956, Billboard (magazine), ''Billboard'' magazine reported that "WINS (AM), WINS Radio made a deal with Harry Alan Towers of the Towers of London, for deejay Alan Freed to do a special taped 1/2 hour rock and roll record show on Saturday nights over Radio Luxembourg, which is beamed to most of the countries of Free Europe."

Presenters

Resident announcers in Luxembourg at different times: * Stephen Williams – the English service manager before World War II, resumed his duties when commercial broadcasting began again. *Ursula Brennan – Patricia Giles – Beatrice Feltes – John De Denghy – record presenters who all left the station with Stephen Williams around 1948. *

– joined Radio Luxembourg on 21 June 1946 after being demobbed from British Army in Luxembourg. He was hired by Stephen Williams and when Williams returned to the UK, Everitt took over his job. In later years he became the London-based boss of the entire English-language operation. *Teddy Johnson – joined in May 1948 and he and Everitt ran the English service in Luxembourg by themselves until 1950 due to the lack of advertising income. Then Johnson returned to England to develop his singing career and later returned to join Pete Murray. *John Drexler – joined after Johnson departed but Drexler left after one month. *Roger Moffat; Richard Beynon (writer), Richard Beynon; Warren Mitchell – all joined with Drexler and left shortly after Drexler. *Pete Murray (DJ), Pete Murray – joined with Drexler, Beynon and Mitchell; remained in Luxembourg until 1956. *Peter Madren – joined Everitt, Johnson and Murray in May 1951.

1954–1963

Following the merger of the English-language service of Radio Luxembourg I with the new English-language service of Radio Luxembourg II on 208 metres medium wave, the station came to be known as Radio Luxembourg. A British company, Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd, controlled the programme content and sold the advertising time. The station sign-on time at dusk varied between summer and winter to allow maximum benefit to be gained from a Skywave, skywave propagation at night that covered the British Isles, although reception was strongest in northern England. By restricting the service to night-time, the sales representatives were able to sell most of the available airtime both for spot commercials and for sponsored programmes. One spot commercial that became burned into the minds of every Radio Luxembourg listener was for Horace Batchelor's "Infra-Draw Method" of winning money on football pools, turning the previously obscure Somerset town of "Keynsham, spelt K-E-Y-N-S-H-A-M" into a household name throughout the country. Some programmes were live disc-jockey presentations by the team of "resident announcers" from the studios in Luxembourg City, while others were pre-recorded in the company's British studios at 38 Hertford Street, London W1. This was never made clear to listeners, who were allowed to form the incorrect impression that all the presenters were broadcasting from the Grand Duchy or, alternatively, assume that all the programmes were recorded in London. A conspiracy of silence operated throughout this period between sworn enemies Radio Luxembourg and the BBC, each of which never mentioned the existence of the other, although many famous names appeared on both, often almost simultaneously.

Programmes

During this period, and particularly from about 1960, the station's output came to be more explicitly targeted at the growing teenage market, with increasing emphasis on pop music. Drama productions, comedy, variety and sports programming disappeared altogether. By about 1963, almost all the station's output was based around the playing of music on discs; the mainstream evening audience for middle-aged "family entertainment" had by this time largely migrated from radio to television. These were some of the shows heard in December 1956, as listed in the ''208'' programme schedule for that month: *Sundays: 6:00 pm – Butlins, ''Butlin's Beaver Club'' – with "Uncle" Eric Winstone. **8:30 pm – ''Take Your Pick'' – with Michael Miles. **9:30 pm – ''This I Believe'' – the Edward R. Murrow show presented by Sir Basil Bartlett. *Mondays: 9:30 pm – ''Candid Microphone'' – starring listeners caught in the act. **11:15 pm – Frank and Ernest (broadcast), ''Frank and Ernest'' – religion from Dawn Bible Students Association. **11:30 pm – The World Tomorrow (1934), ''The World Tomorrow'' – with Herbert W. Armstrong, later heard on Tuesdays as well, replacing Oral Roberts. *Tuesdays: 9:00 pm – ''Lucky Number'' – with Keith Fordyce. **10:00 pm – ''The Capitol Show'' – Mel Thompson presenting Capitol Records' new releases. *Wednesdays: 8:00 pm – ''Double Your Money'' – Hughie Green. **10:00 pm – ''Rockin' To Dreamland'' – with Keith Fordyce, playing the latest British and American hit records. **11:30 pm – ''The Hour of Decision'' – religion with Billy Graham. *Thursdays: 8:30 pm – ''Lucky Couple'' – with David Jacobs (broadcaster), David Jacobs, recorded on location in the UK. **9:30 pm – ''Irish Requests''. **10:45 pm – ''Italy Sings'' – presented by the Italian State Tourist Office. *Fridays: 10:30 pm – ''Record Hop'' – Benny Lee presents the latest recordings from EMI's Columbia Graphophone Company, Columbia and Parlophone labels. *Saturdays: 7:00 pm – ''Amateur Football'' – results of the matches played today. **8:00 pm – ''Jamboree'' – "120 minutes of exciting, non-stop, action-packed radio ... ''Teenage Jury'' and at approximately 9:30: Alan Freed, the remarkable American disc-jockey whose programmes in the States cause excitement to rise to a fever pitch, presents "Rock 'n' roll"." **10.00 PM – ''Tonight'' – "Peter Haigh presents news, music and personalities recorded at the Embassy Club in London." **10:30 pm – Philips' Fanfare – records from this Philips, label presented by Guy Standeven.

Presenters

Resident announcers in Luxembourg during this period included: *Barry Alldis – joined the team in 1956, becoming Chief Announcer and staying until 1966, when he left to work for BBC radio. He returned to Luxembourg in 1975 and remained on the staff until his death in 1982. *Chris Denning *Colin Hamilton (broadcaster), Colin Hamilton *Ted King (presenter), Ted King *Johnny Moran *Don Moss, 1957–60 *Don Wardell (became Chief Announcer after Alldis left in 1966) The following disc-jockeys recorded shows in the London studios at 38 Hertford Street: Peter Aldersley, Sam Costa, Alan Dell, Keith Fordyce, Alan Freeman, David Gell, Tony Hall (music executive), Tony Hall, Jack Jackson (radio personality), Jack Jackson, David Jacobs (broadcaster), David Jacobs, Brian Matthew, Don Moss, Pete Murray (DJ), Pete Murray, Ray Orchard, Jimmy Savile, Shaw Taylor, Jimmy Young (broadcaster), Jimmy Young, and Muriel Young. Many of these programmes were sponsored by record companies, and in order to include as many records as possible, most programmes played little more than half of each record.

1964–1967

Radio Luxembourg enjoyed a monopoly of English-language commercial radio programming heard in the UK until, in March 1964, Radio Caroline began daytime commercial transmissions to southern England from a ship anchored less than four miles off the Essex coast (the station later acquired a second ship, and moved the first to the Irish Sea). Radio Caroline's opening announcement identified it as "Your all-day music station" - a clear reference both to Luxembourg's night-time only broadcasts, and to the BBC's patchy pop music coverage. The first song played was "Not Fade Away" by The Rolling Stones, which could be interpreted as a dig at Luxembourg's fluctuating signal strength. In Caroline's primary reception areas, her Ground wave propagation, ground wave signal was strong and unaffected during daylight hours by fading or interference. Following the success of this first offshore station, others soon followed, mostly broadcasting from off the Essex coast or in the Thames Estuary. These transmissions were later extended around the clock and featured many different broadcasting formats, though pop music on discs predominated. As a result of this competition, Radio Luxembourg gradually abandoned pre-recorded sponsored programmes for a more flexible continuity. Its new format featured mainly spot advertising within record programmes presented live by resident disc jockeys in Luxembourg, some of them recruited from the offshore stations. In August 1967, the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act passed into British law, and forced all but the two Caroline stations off the air by eliminating their means of selling commercial advertising in the UK. As well as closing down offshore "pirate radio", the British government instructed the BBC to create its own non-commercial replacement, named BBC Radio 1, Radio 1, which began transmissions at the end of September 1967. While Luxembourg again almost had the UK commercial airwaves to itself, it was still restricted to evening and night hours.

Presenters

The presenters included the following: *Pete Brady (presenter), Pete Brady, Wonderful Radio London, Radio London Big – L 266 *Tony Brandon, Radio London Big – L 266 *Paul Burnett, Radio 270 *Dave Cash (DJ), Dave Cash, Radio London Big – L 266 *Simon Dee, Radio Caroline,

...
TV *Noel Edmonds BBC *Kenny Everett, Radio London Big – L 266, BBC *Stuart Grundy *Tommy Vance, Radio London Big – L 266, Radio Caroline South *Keith Skues, British Forces Network, Radio Caroline 199, Radio London Big – L 266 *Johnnie Walker (DJ), Johnnie Walker, Swinging Radio England, Radio Caroline South All the ex-Radio London DJs worked later for BBC Radio One.

1968–1988

By the middle of 1968, even the two Caroline offshore stations had left the air and, while other attempts were made to restart offshore radio commercial broadcasts aimed at the UK in the early 1970s, Luxembourg did not face commercial competition, only a growing increase in audience share by more BBC services. For a time in the late 1960s Luxembourg advertised itself as "The O.I.S. – the Only Independent Station on the Air". In 1973, the BBC radio monopoly within the UK was finally ended by new legislation allowing Independent Local Radio, funded by the sale of advertising time. In 1983, Radio Luxembourg marked its fiftieth anniversary as a station, but the British commercial radio stations kept whittling away the ''208'' audience and advertising, while a brief replay of competition for audiences began to emerge from off the British coastline with new radio ship transmissions.

Programmes

These were shows heard in 1982 as reported in the ''Radio Luxembourg Research Report'' (page 20) of ''208'' listeners. The Survey was conducted during the last quarter of 1982 by British Market Research Bureau for Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd. By the time the survey appeared, the programme line-up below had changed in various ways, including the death of Barry Alldis in the middle of the survey: *Sundays: 7:00 pm – ''Haunted Studio'' – with Stuart and Ollie Henry. 9:00 pm – ''Star Chart and Top 30 UK Singles'' – with Tony Prince. 11:00 pm – ''Sunday's Top 20s'' – with Barry Alldis and Rob Jones. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Benny Brown (DJ), Benny Brown. *Mondays: 6:45 pm – ''Radio Outreach'' with John Knight; ''Battle of the Giants''; ''Top 30 Airplay''; ''Top 30 Disco'' – with Rob Jones and Benny Brown. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Barry Alldis. *Tuesdays: 6:45 pm – ''208 Editorial'' with Rodney Collins; ''Beatle Hour''; ''Daily Mirror Rock and Pop Club''; ''Top 30 UK''; ''Top 30 Albums'' – with Rob Jones and Barry Alldis. 9:00 pm – ''Top 30 UK''; ''Top 30 Albums'' – with Benny Brown. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Mike Hollis. *Wednesdays: 7:00 pm – ''Gold and Games'' – with Rob Jones and Benny Brown. 9:00 pm – ''American Top 30'' – with Bob Stewart. 11:00 pm – ''Top 30 Easy Listening'' – with Benny Brown. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Mike Hollis. *Thursdays: 7:00 pm – ''The Number Ones''; ''Top of the Pops'' – ''with Bob Stewart and Mike Hollis''. 9:00 pm – ''Top 30 Futurist'' – with Rob Jones. 11:00 pm – ''Discothèque'' – with Benny Brown. Midnight – ''Spotlight On ...'' – with Stuart Henry. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Stuart and Ollie Henry. *Fridays: 7:00 pm – ''The Record Journal'' – with Stuart and Ollie Henry. 9:00 pm – ''Top 30 Disco'' – with Tony Prince. 11:00 pm – ''Top 30 Airplay'' (repeat) – with Bob Stewart. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink'' – with Barry Alldis. *Saturdays: 6:45 pm – ''208 Editorial'' – with Rodney Collins. 7:00 pm – ''Street Heat''; ''Top 30 Rockshow'' – with Stuart and Ollie Henry. 11:00 pm – ''Big L Marlboro (cigarette), Marlboro Top 20 Country'' – with Bob Stewart. Midnight – ''Midnight Memories'' – with Barry Alldis. 1:00 am – ''Earthlink''; ''Love Songs'' – with Mike Hollis. Some other presenters in the 1970s and 1980s: *Dave Christian *Neil Fox (broadcaster), Neil Fox *Peter Powell (DJ), Peter Powell *Tony Prince, Radio Caroline North *Tony Blewitt *David Lee Stone (former Laser 558 DJ) *Bob Stewart, Radio Caroline North *Rob Jones *Mike Hollis *Mike Read *Emperor Rosko, Radio Caroline South *Mark Wesley, Radio 390, Radio Newyork International, RNI *Paul Burnett, Radio 270 *David Jensen, David "Kid" Jensen,

...
Radio One *Stuart Henry (DJ), Stuart Henry; Radio Scotland 242 *Ollie Henry (wife of Stuart Henry) *Rodney Collins *Keith Fordyce *Alton Andrews *Timmy Mallett *Nick Abbot During the 1980s one of the station's slogans was "Planet earth's biggest commercial radio station".

1989–1992

In 1989, hoping to build a new audience, Luxembourg in English once more returned with a daytime schedule for the first time since the early 1950s, but this time it was aimed at Scandinavian audiences using a 24-hour stereo transponder on the SES Astra, Astra Astra 1A, 1A satellite to supplement the ''208'' analogue night-time service. The end eventually came for ''208'' at 3 am GMT on 30 December 1991 (the station did return to the analogue 208/1440 for one night a year later when the station finally closed its digital service), the last record played on AM being Van Morrison's "In the Days Before Rock and Roll" (chosen mainly because of its mention of the radio station), before "At the End of the Day" (one of their closedown songs) was played heading into the top of the hour (even though DJ Jeff Graham had said that they were going to play the original closedown tune, it was not in fact the original song, but a later version the station used as the original was not located, "It's Time To Say Goodnight"). The station then went satellite and shortwave (15350 kHz) only, with the first songs played being "When Will You (Make My Telephone Ring)" by Deacon Blue and "Always (Atlantic Starr song), Always" by Atlantic Starr. The satellite and shortwave service continued until midnight on 30 December 1992. The closedown night was relayed on various stations, including the old 208 wavelength. The Van Morrison song was the next-to-last record that night, followed by Marion Montgomery's "Maybe the Morning". The 208 service from that moment on carried an oldies service in German, identifying itself as "RTL Radio – Der Oldiesender". Presenters in the 1990s: *Chris Moyles (under the professional name Chris Holmes) *Jonathan Miles *Mike Hollis *Bob Stewart, (ex-Radio Caroline North) *Mark Page *Peter Antony *Wendy Lloyd *Tony Adams *Shaun Tilley, (ex-Radio Caroline South) *Jeff Graham *Steve Joy *Sandy Beech *David Bozzato *Jodie Scott (ex Caroline 558 DJ. Canadian, on Caroline as Judy Murphy) *Nik Martin *Jessie Brandon, (ex Laser 558)

Legacy from 1992 onwards

Atlantic 252

In 1989, Radio Luxembourg's parent company

teamed up with Raidió Teilifís Éireann to create Atlantic 252, an English-language pop music station on longwave, based in Republic of Ireland, Ireland and with advertising content aimed at a UK audience. Initially this only broadcast until 7 pm and ended with an announcement specifically encouraging listeners to switch to Radio Luxembourg on 1440 kHz medium wave. Atlantic 252 switched to 24-hour broadcasts around the time that Radio Luxembourg shut down its medium wave broadcasts. Atlantic 252 closed down in 2002 and the long wave frequency is now used for RTÉ Radio 1. Presenters common to both Atlantic 252 and Radio Luxembourg include Jeff Graham, Cass Jones and Sandy Beech. The voice of Henry Owens was also heard on promotions for both stations in the early 1990s. * Charlie Wolf, ex DJ Laser 558 * Andrew Turner, ex Newsreader

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& Laser Hot Hits 576

Radio Luxembourg (digital)

An English-language classic rock digital station from

called Radio Luxembourg began in 2005. It was briefly available in the UK using Digital Radio Mondiale, DRM (digital broadcasts over shortwave) but the transmitter power was reduced, and by 2008 was not receivable outside Luxembourg itself (essentially, a test transmission). Simulcasts over the Internet also stopped in 2009. Both the station and its website made numerous references to the old 208 service.

Five (television channel)

, Radio Luxembourg's parent company, was an initial minority shareholder in the UK's Channel Five terrestrial analogue television channel, launched in 1997. RTL became the majority shareholder from 2006, when it had been re-branded as "Five". It was one of more than fifty television stations that RTL owned throughout Europe. Unlike RTL's television stations in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, most of which are explicitly branded as RTL, Five did not significantly acknowledge its Luxembourg heritage on-air. RTL sold Five to Richard Desmond on 23 July 2010.

Background information

Radio Luxembourg was also broadcast on RTL's various European TV channels after closedown.

Transmitter history

The wavelengths and frequencies used by the English service of Radio Luxembourg changed throughout the years, although "208" was by far the longest-lasting and most famous one. *Marnach transmitter *Junglinster Longwave Transmitter *FM- and TV-mast Hosingen

Radio Luxembourg publications

*''Radio Pictorial'' – radio publication pre-World War II that published programme schedules for all the European continental stations broadcasting in English *''Radio Parade'' – radio publication after World War II that published news about Radio Luxembourg in English. *''208'' – radio programme schedules and features after 1951 until 1959 whose name varied as it was merged with other publications and issued by various publishers. *''Fab 208'' – radio programme schedules and features publication during the 1960s and 1970s See also: "Radio-Luxembourg, Histoire d'un média privé d'envergure européenne", by David DOMINGUEZ MULLER, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007.

Political significance in Eastern Bloc

Radio Luxembourg was one of few channels through which people living in the Eastern Bloc could listen to rock music, rock and other contemporary popular music. Under good weather conditions, and especially at night, people as far as eastern Czechoslovakia, Poland, Estonia, and Leningrad could listen to the station. Eastern Bloc governments did not use jammers to prevent people from listening to Radio Luxembourg, but did do so for Radio Free Europe and, since the stations used harmonic frequency, harmonic frequencies (1439 kHz for Luxembourg and 719 kHz for Free Europe), the jamming also affected Radio Luxembourg's signal. Even though western popular music was considered undesirable by socialist regimes, legal prosecution was rare, although not unheard of. The music appealed to young people as something forbidden, and listening to it became a social ritual. It also strongly influenced contemporary underground culture and music in Czechoslovakia.

References

;Specific citations: ;General references: *Details of Radio Luxembourg programming and presenters in English from 1951 until 1958 are drawn from the monthly publications known collectively as 208 magazine with name variations and different publishers. *The Hal Lewis reference is cited in the 208 programme listings magazine for March 1955, page 4.
The obituary of Noel Johnson
who played the voice parts of ''Dan Dare'' on Radio Luxembourg and ''Dick Barton'' on the BBC.
208 It was Great
a book by Alan Bailey about his career at Radio Luxembourg from 1958 to 1975. *Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the US, by Gilder, Eric. – "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003 – This work includes a study of European commercial radio from both Luxembourg and offshore. *"Radio-Luxembourg, Histoire d'un média privé d'envergure européenne", by David DOMINGUEZ MULLER, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007 *13a. Veronika Štefečková: RTL Group today Extract of bachelor's degree thesis Radio Luxembourg and its importance for auditors in the socialist Czechoslovakia (oral history) – PDF file in English

External links

Official website
on the history of the English service of Radio Luxembourg
Radio Luxembourg
��The Last Day of 208 (streaming)
Radio 208
- online radio station keeping the sound of 208 alive. Features period music, jingles and air checks. {{Authority control International broadcasters Mass media companies of Luxembourg 1933 establishments in Luxembourg 1992 disestablishments in Luxembourg Radio stations in Luxembourg RTL Group English-language radio stations Radio stations established in 1933 Radio stations disestablished in 1992 Defunct mass media in Luxembourg cs:Radio Luxembourg da:Radio Luxembourg sv:Radio Luxembourg